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==Know plasma, know 99.999% of the Universe ==
<div style="margin:-10px 0px 0px 0px">(No plasma, no Universe)</div>


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The '''[[Plasma Universe]]''' is a term coined by Nobel Laureate [[Hannes Alfvén]] to highlight the importance of plasma throughout the Universe.

See how much you think you know about '''cosmic plasma''' below, and then check out our [[Articles on the Plasma Universe|articles]], [[Special:Newimages|images]] and the [[Plasma Universe Timeline]]:</div>
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[[Image:H00b-plasma mosaic-1024.jpg|128px|thumb|[[Wikipedia:Plasma Universe Calendar|2010 Calendar]] ]]
The '''[[Wikipedia:Plasma Universe Calendar|Plasma Universe Calendar 2010]]'''...<br />...is now available for '''free download''', or, by print-on-demand in full colour, delivered. It features lots of '''amazing images''' of the Universe, including some you may never have seen before, together with '''fascinating facts''' about cosmic plasma. Ideal for astronomy buffs and students. Runs 14 months. [[Wikipedia:Plasma Universe Calendar|More...]]</div>
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Note: Some of the theories on this site form the cornerstone of plasma astrophysics. Other theories contradict the generally accepted view ([[Plasma Universe / Big Bang comparison|qv]]). This site merely attempts to describes them, citing peer-reviewed references where available.</div>

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<tr><td style="background:darkblue;color:yellow;font-size:120%;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;-moz-border-radius: 10px 10px 0px 0px">1: What is plasma?</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background:black;height:196px;">[[Image:aurora-earth.jpg|196px]]</td></tr>
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What is [[plasma]]? We're familiar with solids, liquids and gases, such as solid ice, liquid water and gaseous steam. But heat atoms more, and they 'split' into free ions and electrons: a '''plasma''', e.g., the electrified [[aurora]], above.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="background:darkblue;color:yellow;font-size:120%;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;-moz-border-radius: 10px 10px 0px 0px">2: Where is plasma?</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background:#710100;height:196px;">[[Image:Sun-corona.jpg|196px]]</td></tr>
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The visible Universe is [[99.999% plasma]]. The Sun is about 100% plasma, as are all stars. Plasma makes up nearly 100% of the interplanetary, interstellar and intergalactic medium. The Earth's ionosphere is plasma.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="background:darkblue;color:yellow;font-size:120%;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;-moz-border-radius: 10px 10px 0px 0px">3: Why is plasma so?</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background:black;">[[Image:Plasma-lamp 2.jpg|192px]]</td></tr>
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[[Plasma]] react very strongly to [[electromagnetic force]]s, and is the dominant force in many cosmic plasmas, e.g. stellar surfaces, active galactic nuclei, interplanetary, interstellar and intergalactic space.[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5Ba2-lfLiiAC&pg=PA1&dq=plasma+electromagnetic+forces+gravitational&sig=ZeRRRpfkLGy5qRNFHbA1VEpsYRI#PPA1,M1]</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="background:darkblue;color:yellow;font-size:120%;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;-moz-border-radius: 10px 10px 0px 0px">4: Electrified plasmas</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background:black;height:196px;">[[Image:Heliospheric-current-sheet_edit.jpg|196px]]</td></tr>
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Space plasma moving through a magnetic field generates its own [[Electric_currents_in_space_plasmas|electric current]], can act as a [[unipolar inductor]], and conducts electricity better than metals, e.g. the [[heliospheric current sheet]] above, and [[Birkeland current]]s.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="background:darkblue;color:yellow;font-size:120%;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;-moz-border-radius: 10px 10px 0px 0px">5: Plasma filaments</td></tr>
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Strong radial magnetic fields can make a [[pinch|plasma pinch]] like the hourglass-shaped nebula above; produce characteristic [[filamentation|filament]]s like in the plasma ball (top row); and produce [[particle beam]]s as seen in the [[dense plasma focus]].</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="background:darkblue;color:yellow;font-size:120%;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;-moz-border-radius: 10px 10px 0px 0px">6: Galaxy simulation</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background:black;">[[Image:peratt-galaxy-simulation.gif|192px]]</td></tr>
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Computer simulations of two interacting [[Birkeland current]]s with plasma clouds trapped in parallel magnetic filaments simulate evolving [[galaxy formation]]s, without the need for dark matter and black holes!</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="background:darkblue;color:yellow;font-size:120%;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;-moz-border-radius: 10px 10px 0px 0px">7: Complex dusty plasmas</td></tr>
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A gas as little as 1% ionized may behave as a plasma (e.g. the ionosphere). In addition to light and friction, [[Dusty plasma|dust and grains]] are charged inside a plasma, and behave as one, such as the Glowing Eye Nebula, above.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="background:darkblue;color:yellow;font-size:120%;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;-moz-border-radius: 10px 10px 0px 0px">8: Quasi-neutrality</td></tr>
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The [[quasi-neutrality]] of plasmas, means they ''tend'' overall to be electrically neutral. But plasmas can also ''violate'' quasi-neutrality, producing charged regions in [[double layer]]s and [[particle beam]]s, such as in M87's jet, above.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="background:darkblue;color:yellow;font-size:120%;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;-moz-border-radius: 10px 10px 0px 0px">9: From lab to space</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background:#444444;height:196px">[[Image:dense-plasma-focus-sheath.jpg|196px]]</td></tr>
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Plasma Universe research derives from [[laboratory astrophysics|laboratory experiments]], such as the [[dense plasma focus]] above, with pioneers such as [[Kristian Birkeland]], [[Hannes Alfvén]], [[Winston H. Bostick]]. Compare this image with the nebula, far left</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="background:darkblue;color:yellow;font-size:120%;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;-moz-border-radius: 10px 10px 0px 0px">10: Types of Plasmas</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background:black;">[[Image:plasma-types.jpg|440px]]</td></tr>
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[[Plasma]]s vary according to temperature and density, and have characteristics that [[Plasma scaling|scale]] over many orders of magnitude.<br /> <span style="font-size:90%;text-align:center">Image copyright [http://www.cpepweb.org Contemporary Physics Education Project]</span></td></tr>
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<div style="color:yellow;font-weight:bold;font-size:170%;background:red;padding-bottom:2px">The Plasma Universe</div>
<div style="font-size:100%">Know plasma, know 99.999% of the Universe</div>
<div style="font-size:100%">Astrophysics from the laboratory to the Cosmos</div>
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<span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;font-size:150%">www.plasma-universe.com</span>
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